Chronic wound
Studies. Topical LL-37 was tested with compression for hard-to-heal venous ulcers.1
Immune
LL-37
Host-defense peptide
Investigational; no FDA-approved LL-37 product.
What does it do?
A human host-defense peptide with antimicrobial and immune-signaling effects. It has been tested topically on chronic wounds; those findings should not be treated as proof that injected LL-37 treats infections or gut symptoms.
Infection and gut
Community reports. Anonymous reports are mixed and do not establish an antimicrobial treatment.6
Molecular information
3Amino-acid sequence
- Leu
- Leu
- Gly
- Asp
- Phe
- Phe
- Arg
- Lys
- Ser
- Lys
- Glu
- Lys
- Ile
- Gly
- Lys
- Glu
- Phe
- Lys
- Arg
- Ile
- Val
- Gln
- Arg
- Ile
- Lys
- Asp
- Phe
- Leu
- Arg
- Asn
- Leu
- Val
- Pro
- Arg
- Thr
- Glu
- Ser
37 residues · N → C3
Length37 amino acids
Molecular weight · Da≈4,493 Da
Molecular formulaC205H340N60O533
L–L–G–D–F–F–R–K–S–K–E–K–I–G–K–E–F–K–R–I–V–Q–R–I–K–D–F–L–R–N–L–V–P–R–T–E–SHuman cathelicidin fragment with free termini. Modified peptides or salts are separate specifications.
How long does it stay in the body?
Pharmacokinetics · How quickly the compound clears.
Half-life30 min
Time for the level to fall by half.
About 97% cleared2.5 hours
After five half-lives in this model.
Unverified reference estimate · Source page: Topical. Exact PK route not verified.32
This value is reported by a secondary reference. The stated attribution has not been independently verified as a route- and formulation-matched human PK measurement.
50%estimated remaining
Illustrative scenario using an unverified reference estimate.
Does this tell me how long the effects last?
No. Effects can end sooner or last longer than the measured level. This curve estimates decline from a starting reference level; it does not set a dosing schedule.
What this estimate is based on
Not established by the reference estimate. The reference attributes this to Limited human data; that attribution is unverified.
The source reports a peak time of 3 min; this is unverified and is not part of the curve.
The model uses a constant half-life. It starts from a reference level, not the moment of administration, and excludes absorption, repeated doses, and metabolites. About 3% remains after five half-lives.
What to expect
Study outcomes
Overall trial was negative
Healing did not significantly improve overall. A post-hoc large-ulcer subgroup signal requires confirmation.1
Additional research
The 2026 study examined a host-signaling antiviral mechanism in experimental systems. It does not establish an injectable antiviral regimen.5
Reported timelines
Reference & communityInjection: weeks 1–12; topical: 1–8
Source timelines are not validated expectations; worsening wounds need review.33
These are reported timelines, not a prediction of your response.
Doses by goal
Compare study doses and reported practices. Community and reference reports are unvalidated.
Route
Scroll to compare all columns →
| Goal | Dose | Frequency | Route | Duration | Source |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Venous leg-ulcer healingHuman study148 treated participants | 0.5 mg/mL | Twice weekly | TopicalTopical wound application | 13 weeks | 1 |
Population 148 treated participants Context Compression in all arms; investigational formulation. Source dose wording 0.5 or 1.6 mg/mL LL-37, or placebo | |||||
| Venous leg-ulcer healingHuman study148 treated participants | 1.6 mg/mL | Twice weekly | TopicalTopical wound application | 13 weeks | 1 |
Population 148 treated participants Context Compression in all arms; investigational formulation. Source dose wording 0.5 or 1.6 mg/mL LL-37, or placebo | |||||
| Venous leg-ulcer healingHuman study148 treated participants | Placebo | Twice weekly | TopicalTopical wound application | 13 weeks | 1 |
Population 148 treated participants Context Compression in all arms; investigational formulation. Source dose wording 0.5 or 1.6 mg/mL LL-37, or placebo | |||||
| Immune System SupportReference report | 100 mcg daily | Once daily | SubQ | 4-12 weeks depending on application | 33 |
Population Population not independently verified; see the reference and linked research. Context Reported in Pep-Pedia’s educational protocol table. Study attribution and applicability to this exact product are not independently established. Source labels and in-vitro antimicrobial findings do not replace established infection treatment. Source tabs Injectable | |||||
| Infection Recovery SupportReference report | 150-200 mcg daily | Once daily | SubQ | 4-12 weeks depending on application | 33 |
Population Population not independently verified; see the reference and linked research. Context Reported in Pep-Pedia’s educational protocol table. Study attribution and applicability to this exact product are not independently established. Source labels and in-vitro antimicrobial findings do not replace established infection treatment. Source tabs Injectable | |||||
| Research ApplicationsReference report | 50-100 mcg | Twice daily | SubQ | 4-12 weeks depending on application | 33 |
Population Population not independently verified; see the reference and linked research. Context Reported in Pep-Pedia’s educational protocol table. Study attribution and applicability to this exact product are not independently established. Source labels and in-vitro antimicrobial findings do not replace established infection treatment. Source tabs Injectable | |||||
| Chronic Wound SupportReference report | 100-150 mcg daily | Once daily | SubQ | 4-12 weeks depending on application | 33 |
Population Population not independently verified; see the reference and linked research. Context Reported in Pep-Pedia’s educational protocol table. Study attribution and applicability to this exact product are not independently established. Source labels and in-vitro antimicrobial findings do not replace established infection treatment. Source tabs Injectable | |||||
| Chronic Venous UlcersReference report | 0.5 mg/mL | Twice weekly | TopicalTopical gel application | 2-8 weeks depending on wound healing progress | 33 |
Population Population not independently verified; see the reference and linked research. Context Reported in Pep-Pedia’s educational protocol table. Study attribution and applicability to this exact product are not independently established. Source labels and in-vitro antimicrobial findings do not replace established infection treatment. Source tabs Topical | |||||
| Diabetic Foot UlcersReference report | 0.5-1.6 mg/mL | Daily application | TopicalTopical cream | 2-8 weeks depending on wound healing progress | 33 |
Population Population not independently verified; see the reference and linked research. Context Reported in Pep-Pedia’s educational protocol table. Study attribution and applicability to this exact product are not independently established. Source labels and in-vitro antimicrobial findings do not replace established infection treatment. Source tabs Topical | |||||
| Acute Wound HealingReference report | 1.6 mg/mL | Once daily | TopicalTopical gel or cream | 2-8 weeks depending on wound healing progress | 33 |
Population Population not independently verified; see the reference and linked research. Context Reported in Pep-Pedia’s educational protocol table. Study attribution and applicability to this exact product are not independently established. Source labels and in-vitro antimicrobial findings do not replace established infection treatment. Source tabs Topical | |||||
| Pressure Ulcer TreatmentReference report | 0.5-1.0 mg/mL | Twice daily | OtherHydrogel delivery system | 2-8 weeks depending on wound healing progress | 33 |
Population Population not independently verified; see the reference and linked research. Context Reported in Pep-Pedia’s educational protocol table. Study attribution and applicability to this exact product are not independently established. Source labels and in-vitro antimicrobial findings do not replace established infection treatment. Source tabs Topical | |||||
| Burn Wound CareReference report | 1.0 mg/mL | Once to twice daily | TopicalTopical gel application | 2-8 weeks depending on wound healing progress | 33 |
Population Population not independently verified; see the reference and linked research. Context Reported in Pep-Pedia’s educational protocol table. Study attribution and applicability to this exact product are not independently established. Source labels and in-vitro antimicrobial findings do not replace established infection treatment. Source tabs Topical | |||||
No protocols match these filters.
Reported use periods and breaks. These do not establish a safe cycle or prove that breaks prevent tolerance.
Injectable
- Use period
- 4-12 weeks depending on application
- Break
- 2-4 weeks between cycles for chronic use
Reported timing
Evening administration preferred; can be taken with or without food
Topical
- Use period
- 2-8 weeks depending on wound healing progress
- Break
- Continue until complete healing achieved
Reported timing
Apply after wound cleaning, can be used with standard dressings
Animal and cell protocols 1
Laboratory exposures cannot establish a human dose.
These are community reports, not validated dosing recommendations.
Scroll to compare all columns →
| Goal | Dose | Frequency | Route | Duration | Source |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gut/infection-related symptomsOne anonymous commenter | 250 mcg | Daily | Unspecified | Four weeks planned; completion unverified | 6 |
Population One anonymous commenter Context The commenter reported feeling worse, including brain fog. Route information Injection discussed; exact route not verified | |||||
No protocols match these filters.
Side effects & safety
Immune and quality concerns
FDA flags immunogenicity and impurities.
2Nonclinical safety signals
FDA cites tissue-dependent tumor promotion and male-reproductive concerns in nonclinical research; human risk is unresolved.
2Route limits
Topical tolerability cannot establish injection safety.
1Negative self-report
A commenter described worse brain fog; uncontrolled attribution is uncertain.
6Local/systemic reactions
Spreading inflammation, allergy, persistent flu-like symptoms or injection infection.
Wound deterioration
Purulence, increased warmth/redness, unusual pain, dermatitis or delayed healing needs clinical assessment.
Not a complete safety screen. Discuss health decisions with a qualified clinician.
Combinations & interactions
9 entriesCheck cautions and reported pairings. A compatibility claim does not establish that a combination is safe.
Physiological salt solutions
Caution reportedSalt can alter laboratory activity.33
Reference report · Pep-Pedia label: Use CautionAmino-acid solutions
Avoidance reportedSource flags physical mixing incompatibility.33
Reference report · Pep-Pedia label: Avoid CombinationBPC-157
Unverified pairingUntested repair pairing.33
Reference report · Pep-Pedia label: SynergisticTB-500
Unverified pairingUntested repair pairing.33
Reference report · Pep-Pedia label: SynergisticConventional antibiotics
Unverified pairingLaboratory combinations include chloramphenicol, ciprofloxacin and oxacillin; not universal clinical synergy.33
Reference report · Pep-Pedia label: SynergisticVitamin D3
Unverified pairingEndogenous LL-37 regulation differs from co-administration.33
Reference report · Pep-Pedia label: SynergisticLactoferrin
Unverified pairingSafety claim unestablished.33
Reference report · Pep-Pedia label: CompatibleSynthetic antimicrobial peptides
Unverified pairingNo established combination profile.33
Reference report · Evidence context: UnknownImmunosuppressants and antibiotics
Not establishedThe trial restricted systemic immunosuppression and recent antibiotics; it does not establish combination safety.1
Research contextNo matching interactions. Try another name or filter.
Reconstitution calculator
Enter your peptide amount and container size. Get a volume and a simple measurement scale.
Suggested final volume mL
Estimated water to add≈ mL
For dry powder, assuming negligible volume displacement. Use bacteriostatic water only if the formulation specifies it.
1 pen unit (one dial step)=
Amounts below are total blend mass. Ingredient amounts are listed separately.
| Pen units | Amount | Volume |
|---|
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Convert a specific amount
Enter an amount to calculate its volume and device setting.
Calculation & assumptions
The suggestion favors a simple 1, 2, or 5 × power-of-ten amount per unit, then the largest final volume that fits. It does not choose a dose or a biologically suitable concentration.
The water estimate applies only to dry powder and assumes negligible powder displacement. Final solution volume, specified diluent, solubility, stability, sterility, cartridge compatibility, and working fill limits must be established separately. No allowance is made for priming or transfer losses.
V2 measurement specification ↗Bacteriostatic water: formulation instructions ↗Reconstitution
The clinical preparation was a manufactured topical product.1
HEAL formulation
A buffered LL-37 concentrate was mixed with a polyvinyl-alcohol diluent before wound application. This is not a BAC-water injection protocol.1
Reference preparation details
Reported handling information, not a validated formulation or instruction to prepare an injectable product.
Injectable
The source reports a typical solution concentration of 1–2 mg/mL.
- Solvents mentioned
- Bacteriostatic water
The source describes gentle mixing and avoiding vigorous shaking.
Topical
The source describes formulated wound gels or creams, with dressing care under a clinical protocol.
- Form
- Source describes a prepared product
Appearance & documentation
Appearance and a purity certificate cannot establish sterility, identity, or suitability for injection.
Reported appearanceClear colorless solutionReported appearanceProper peptide purityReported appearanceLyophilized powder formReported appearanceCold chain maintenanceReported concernDiscolored or cloudy solutionReported concernPre-mixed liquid formulationsReported variationRoom temperature storage
33Vial sizes
5mg7
Packaging examples, not a market survey. Approved and research products are not interchangeable.
Storage after mixing
Reconstituted research vials
Pep-Pedia reports these handling limits after mixing. They are not validated stability or sterility limits for your vial.
Storage notes
33Refrigerate 2-8°C after reconstitution, use within 30 days
Refrigerate 2-8°C, protect from light, use within expiration
Storage depends on the formulation, diluent, container, and handling. Follow the specific product label or pharmacist’s instructions.
Pen & syringe measurements
Device units measure volume. Concentration determines the amount in mg.
1 notch = 0.01 mL
Documented 1-unit V2 models
- One dial increment
- 1 unit
- Cartridge capacity
- 3 mL
- Maximum setting
- 60 units · 0.60 mL
Use the numbered dose window. Whole-unit settings only; confirm the specification for your exact model.
1 unit = 0.01 mL
100 units = 1 mL
- 10 units
- 0.10 mL
- 30-unit capacity
- 0.30 mL
- 50 / 100-unit capacity
- 0.50 / 1 mL
Read the printed unit scale. A small line may represent 0.5, 1, or 2 units depending on the syringe.
Use the mL scale
mL syringes and calibrated pipettes
- 0.01 mL
- 10 µL
- 0.10 mL
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- Amount
- mL × mg/mL
Drops, sprays and other pen clicks need their own verified volume per increment. They have no universal conversion.
3 mL is cartridge capacity. It does not mean you must prepare or load 3 mL. The original vial and the pen cartridge are different containers. This reference compares measurement scales; it does not establish product or route compatibility.
Device references
AVERON V2 specifications ↗SilverLeaf V2 unit reference ↗FDA: syringe unit conversions ↗Specifications checked October 12, 2026.Evidence limits
View findings →Efficacy and safety of systemic injection for infections or intestinal conditions.1
Limited research. Some human research, but the checked evidence is small, early, narrow, inconsistent, or has important quality limitations. One trial does not establish broad benefit or safety.
Evidence definitions →Research findings
Human trialsSource context
Source labels and in-vitro antimicrobial findings do not replace established infection treatment.
Compound identity & other names
A human host-defense peptide with antimicrobial and immune-signaling effects. It has been tested topically on chronic wounds; those findings should not be treated as proof that injected LL-37 treats infections or gut symptoms.
Other names: LL37 · Cathelicidin LL-37 · Human cathelicidin · hCAP-18 fragment
Investigational; no FDA-approved LL-37 product.
LLGDFFRKSKEKIGKEFKRIVQRIKDFLRNLVPRTES3
How it may work
Membrane-directed antimicrobial activity, immune signaling and keratinocyte/vascular repair pathways; effects vary with formulation and environment.33
Larger ulcer trial: no overall benefit
A phase IIb placebo-controlled trial in 148 patients with difficult venous leg ulcers found no significant overall healing improvement with topical LL-37 plus compression.
1Subgroup finding needs confirmation
A post hoc analysis suggested improvement in larger ulcers. A result found after the main analysis is hypothesis-generating and requires a prospectively designed confirmatory trial.
1Efficacy and safety of Oral LL-37 against the Omicron BA.5.1.3 variant of SARS-COV-2: A randomized trial
In an early-treatment subgroup, viral-RNA conversion occurred sooner (9.80 versus 14.04 days). No severe adverse events were reported; the formulation and open-label design limit transfer to peptide vials.
4LL-37 Inhibits EV71 Infection by Upregulating STAC via the EGFR-ERK Signaling Pathway
The 2026 study examined a host-signaling antiviral mechanism in experimental systems. It does not establish an injectable antiviral regimen.
5Source checks & newer research
HEAL LL-37 phase IIb venous-ulcer trial
Among148 patients using topical LL-37 plus compression, the full population showed no significant healing advantage over placebo. A post-hoc large-ulcer subgroup signal requires confirmation; earlier favorable pilot findings do not establish broad efficacy.
Human randomized placebo-controlled phase 2b trial34Research areas and evidence gaps
Chronic wound research. Topical LL-37 was tested with compression for hard-to-heal venous ulcers.1
- Efficacy and safety of systemic injection for infections or intestinal conditions.
- Long-term effects of altering innate immune signaling.
- Whether post hoc large-ulcer findings will reproduce.
- The oral COVID study used engineered Lactococcus lactis, not purified peptide; its results do not validate injectable LL-37.
Additional uses listed by Pep-Pedia
Antimicrobial/immune research. Resistant bacteria, biofilms, cytokines, neutrophils and endotoxin models.33
Wound repair. Venous ulcers studied clinically; diabetic/pressure-wound and tissue-strength claims have differing evidence.33
Community reports Unvalidated
A public discussion includes both perceived gut or infection improvements and worsening brain fog. These conflicting accounts are not controlled evidence.6
Anonymous self-reports include other treatments, uncertain diagnoses, and unverified product contents; they cannot establish benefit, harm frequency, or causation.
Search coverage and review status
Additional recent evidence was checked, including LL-37 Inhibits EV71 Infection by Upregulating STAC via the EGFR-ERK Signaling Pathway. See individual source summaries for findings and limitations.
- Checked
- 2026-10-12
- Search
- LL-37 randomized trial 2025 2026; LL-37 37605995
- Catalog
- Pep-Pedia ↗ · 23 listed references retained
- Targeted search, not a systematic or exhaustive review.
- Retained bibliography entries marked Bibliography only have not been independently verified.
- Distinct URLs may refer to the same publication; component and formulation boundaries remain important.
AI-prepared summaries. Independent medical editorial review is pending.
Community poll 10 topics · Pep-Pedia snapshot
Voluntary, unverified reports. These percentages do not measure effectiveness or safety.
Experience
The source hides 18 additional categories. Their labels and percentages are unavailable.
Number of responses to this question: not disclosed.
Duration of use
Number of responses to this question: not disclosed.
Age range
Number of responses to this question: not disclosed.
Gender
Number of responses to this question: not disclosed.
Primary goal
Number of responses to this question: not disclosed.
Effectiveness
Number of responses to this question: not disclosed.
Would recommend
Number of responses to this question: not disclosed.
How discovered
Number of responses to this question: not disclosed.
Side effects
Number of responses to this question: not disclosed.
Dosage frequency
Number of responses to this question: not disclosed.
Source & limitations
The source displays “277 responses” for this profile. This is not a confirmed participant count or a denominator for individual questions.
- Voluntary self-reports from Pep-Pedia visitors; identity, treatment, outcomes and timing are unverified. These data are not efficacy or safety estimates.
- The source displays a profile-wide response label, not a confirmed unique participant count. It stays unchanged across questions. Question-specific denominators and absolute option counts are not exposed.
- Only the top five categories are displayed for some questions. Extra categories are retained as an undisplayed-category count; their labels and percentages are unavailable.
- Displayed percentages are rounded. They may not total 100%, especially where categories are hidden.
- This is a dated snapshot, not a live survey or current recommendation.
References
Original sources and review status. Open a reference to read its summary.
1HEAL LL-37: randomized venous leg-ulcer trialPrimary source checked
AI-PREPARED SUMMARY
148-patient phase IIb trial of topical 0.5 or 1.6 mg/mL LL-37 with compression: no significant overall healing benefit. A post hoc large-ulcer signal needs confirmation.
Larger ulcer trial: no overall benefit
A phase IIb placebo-controlled trial in 148 patients with difficult venous leg ulcers found no significant overall healing improvement with topical LL-37 plus compression.
Subgroup finding needs confirmation
A post hoc analysis suggested improvement in larger ulcers. A result found after the main analysis is hypothesis-generating and requires a prospectively designed confirmatory trial.
2FDA: compounding safety concernsPrimary source checked
AI-PREPARED SUMMARY
FDA flags inadequate safety information and nonclinical reproductive and tumor-related concerns.
3PubChem: LL-37 molecular identityAbstract checked
AI-PREPARED SUMMARY
Structural record for the 37-residue human cathelicidin fragment, including formula and molecular weight; not a clinical product specification.
4Efficacy and safety of Oral LL-37 against the Omicron BA.5.1.3 variant of SARS-COV-2: A randomized trialAbstract checked
AI-PREPARED SUMMARY
An open-label single-center trial of 238 adults used recombinant LL-37-expressing Lactococcus lactis, a live biotherapeutic. This is not oral or injected purified LL-37.
Efficacy and safety of Oral LL-37 against the Omicron BA.5.1.3 variant of SARS-COV-2: A randomized trial
In an early-treatment subgroup, viral-RNA conversion occurred sooner (9.80 versus 14.04 days). No severe adverse events were reported; the formulation and open-label design limit transfer to peptide vials.
Additional research · Checked 2026-10-12
5LL-37 Inhibits EV71 Infection by Upregulating STAC via the EGFR-ERK Signaling PathwayAbstract checked
AI-PREPARED SUMMARY
Experiments found reduced EV71 replication and implicated STAC and EGFR-ERK signaling. These are mechanistic antiviral results, not clinical treatment outcomes.
LL-37 Inhibits EV71 Infection by Upregulating STAC via the EGFR-ERK Signaling Pathway
The 2026 study examined a host-signaling antiviral mechanism in experimental systems. It does not establish an injectable antiviral regimen.
Additional research · Checked 2026-10-12
6Reddit: Anyone tried LL-37?Community source checked
AI-PREPARED SUMMARY
Unverified reports range from perceived benefit to worsening brain fog during 250 mcg daily use. No denominator or controlled comparison supports a success or adverse-event rate.
7Peptavio LL-37 5 mg research vialCatalog checked
AI-PREPARED SUMMARY
A checked supplier page labels the vial 5 mg. Supplier potency, purity, and stability claims were not independently validated.
8Pep-Pedia: LL-37Community source checked
AI-PREPARED SUMMARY
Secondary community overview checked on 12 October 2026. Its practice tables and efficacy claims are not independently validated clinical guidance.
9Noore, J., Noore, A., Li, B. (2019). Antimicrobial peptide LL-37 is bactericidal against Staphylococcus aureus biofilms. PLOS ONE, 14(6), e0216676.Pep-Pedia report · Primary source not checked
AI-PREPARED SUMMARY
Pep-Pedia reports: The source describes greater than four-log biofilm reduction under laboratory conditions; clinical infection outcomes were not studied.
Reported population / model
In vitro
Reported study details
10-100 μM · 60 minutes · >4 log reduction in biofilm
Reported by Pep-Pedia; the linked publication, design, doses and result have not been independently verified here.
Read the Pep-Pedia report ↗Pep-Pedia reference card; original summary of its reported findings · Checked 2026-10-12
10Multidrug-Resistant Bacteria Study (2017)Pep-Pedia report · Primary source not checked
AI-PREPARED SUMMARY
Pep-Pedia reports: Clinical-isolate assays found activity against several resistant bacteria; concentration-dependent culture effects do not establish a safe systemic antibiotic regimen.
Reported population / model
Clinical isolates
Reported study details
1-256 μg/mL MIC · Various pathogens · Broad-spectrum activity
Reported by Pep-Pedia; the linked publication, design, doses and result have not been independently verified here.
Read the Pep-Pedia report ↗Pep-Pedia reference card; original summary of its reported findings · Checked 2026-10-12
11Grönberg, A., Mahlapuu, M., Ståhle, M., Whately-Smith, C., Rollman, O. (2014). Treatment with LL-37 is safe and effective in enhancing healing of hard-to-heal venous leg ulcers: a randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Wound Repair and Regeneration, 22(5), 613-621.Pep-Pedia report · Primary source not checked
AI-PREPARED SUMMARY
Pep-Pedia reports: Thirty-four ulcer patients reportedly had better topical healing measures, including 68% area reduction at 0.5 mg/mL.
Reported population / model
Humans
Reported study details
0.5-3.2 mg/mL topical · 4 weeks · 68% ulcer area reduction at 0.5 mg/mL
Reported by Pep-Pedia; the linked publication, design, doses and result have not been independently verified here.
Read the Pep-Pedia report ↗Pep-Pedia reference card; original summary of its reported findings · Checked 2026-10-12
12Wang, G. (2008). Structures of human host defense cathelicidin LL-37 and its smallest antimicrobial peptide KR-12 in lipid micelles. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 283(47), 32637-32643.Pep-Pedia report · Primary source not checked
AI-PREPARED SUMMARY
Pep-Pedia reports: NMR in detergent micelles characterized the peptide's bent amphipathic helical structure; this is molecular work rather than a treatment trial.
Reported population / model
NMR spectroscopy
Reported study details
Molecular structure · Amphipathic helix characterization
Reported by Pep-Pedia; the linked publication, design, doses and result have not been independently verified here.
Read the Pep-Pedia report ↗Pep-Pedia reference card; original summary of its reported findings · Checked 2026-10-12
13Melanoma Phase I Clinical Trial (NCT02225366)Pep-Pedia report · Primary source not checked
AI-PREPARED SUMMARY
Pep-Pedia reports: The card identifies a dose-escalation intratumoral melanoma study but supplies no numerical efficacy result; trial registration alone does not demonstrate benefit.
Reported population / model
Humans
Reported study details
Intratumoral injection · 8 weeks · Safety and immune stimulation
Reported by Pep-Pedia; the linked publication, design, doses and result have not been independently verified here.
Read the Pep-Pedia report ↗Pep-Pedia reference card; original summary of its reported findings · Checked 2026-10-12
14Diabetic Foot Ulcer Clinical Trial (NCT04098562)Pep-Pedia report · Primary source not checked
AI-PREPARED SUMMARY
Pep-Pedia reports: The source describes improved granulation and healing in a topical diabetic-ulcer study; its reported results need confirmation beyond the registration.
Reported population / model
Humans
Reported study details
LL-37 cream · 28 days · Enhanced granulation tissue formation
Reported by Pep-Pedia; the linked publication, design, doses and result have not been independently verified here.
Read the Pep-Pedia report ↗Pep-Pedia reference card; original summary of its reported findings · Checked 2026-10-12
15Keshri, A.K., Rawat, S.S., Chaudhary, A., Sharma, S., Kapoor, A., Mehra, P., Kaur, R., Mishra, A., Prasad, A. (2025). LL-37, the master antimicrobial peptide, its multifaceted role from combating infections to cancer immunity. International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents, 65(1), 107398.Linked reference · Not independently reviewed
REFERENCE NOTE
Reference retained from Pep-Pedia’s bibliography. The original source and the website’s description have not been independently verified; the listed title may not match the linked record.
Pep-Pedia bibliography · Checked 2026-10-12
16Ridyard, K.E., Overhage, J. (2021). The Potential of Human Peptide LL-37 as an Antimicrobial and Anti-Biofilm Agent. Antibiotics, 10(6), 650.Linked reference · Not independently reviewed
REFERENCE NOTE
Reference retained from Pep-Pedia’s bibliography. The original source and the website’s description have not been independently verified; the listed title may not match the linked record.
Pep-Pedia bibliography · Checked 2026-10-12
17Zhang, Y., Zheng, M., Wang, Z., Liu, Z., Chen, S., Li, X., Shi, Y., Hu, H. (2024). Discovery of novel antibacterial agent for the infected wound treatment: all-hydrocarbon stapling optimization of LL-37. Theranostics, 14(3), 1181-1194.Linked reference · Not independently reviewed
REFERENCE NOTE
Reference retained from Pep-Pedia’s bibliography. The original source and the website’s description have not been independently verified; the listed title may not match the linked record.
Pep-Pedia bibliography · Checked 2026-10-12
18Bhattacharjya, S., Zhang, Z., Ramamoorthy, A. (2024). LL-37: Structures, Antimicrobial Activity, and Influence on Amyloid-Related Diseases. Biomolecules, 14(3), 320.Linked reference · Not independently reviewed
REFERENCE NOTE
Reference retained from Pep-Pedia’s bibliography. The original source and the website’s description have not been independently verified; the listed title may not match the linked record.
Pep-Pedia bibliography · Checked 2026-10-12
19Gunasekera, S., Muhammad, T., Strömstedt, A.A., Rosengren, K.J., Göransson, U. (2018). Alanine and lysine scans of the LL-37-derived peptide fragment KR-12 reveal key residues for antimicrobial activity. ChemBioChem, 19(9), 931-939.Linked reference · Not independently reviewed
REFERENCE NOTE
Reference retained from Pep-Pedia’s bibliography. The original source and the website’s description have not been independently verified; the listed title may not match the linked record.
Pep-Pedia bibliography · Checked 2026-10-12
20Liu, R., Xu, Y., Chen, M., Weïwer, M., Zhou, X., Bridges, A.A., DeJesus, M.A., Kelley, L., Negami, T., Vo, N.N., et al. (2021). Renovation as innovation: Repurposing human antibacterial peptide LL-37 for cancer therapy. Pharmacological Research, 170, 105688.Linked reference · Not independently reviewed
REFERENCE NOTE
Reference retained from Pep-Pedia’s bibliography. The original source and the website’s description have not been independently verified; the listed title may not match the linked record.
Pep-Pedia bibliography · Checked 2026-10-12
21Kim, E.Y., Rajasekaran, G., Shin, S.Y. (2017). LL-37-derived short antimicrobial peptide KR-12-a5 and its d-amino acid substituted analogs with cell selectivity, anti-biofilm activity, synergistic effect with conventional antibiotics, and anti-inflammatory activity. European Journal of Medicinal Chemistry, 136, 428-441.Linked reference · Not independently reviewed
REFERENCE NOTE
Reference retained from Pep-Pedia’s bibliography. The original source and the website’s description have not been independently verified; the listed title may not match the linked record.
Pep-Pedia bibliography · Checked 2026-10-12
22Grönberg, A., Mahlapuu, M., Ståhle, M., Whately-Smith, C., Rollman, O. (2014). Treatment with LL-37 is safe and effective in enhancing healing of hard-to-heal venous leg ulcers: a randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Wound Repair and Regeneration, 22(5), 613-621.Linked reference · Not independently reviewed
REFERENCE NOTE
Reference retained from Pep-Pedia’s bibliography. The original source and the website’s description have not been independently verified; the listed title may not match the linked record.
Pep-Pedia bibliography · Checked 2026-10-12
23Keshri, A.K., Rawat, S.S., Chaudhary, A., Sharma, S., Kapoor, A., Mehra, P., Kaur, R., Mishra, A., Prasad, A. (2025). LL-37, the master antimicrobial peptide, its multifaceted role from combating infections to cancer immunity. International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents, 65(1), 107398.Linked reference · Not independently reviewed
REFERENCE NOTE
Reference retained from Pep-Pedia’s bibliography. The original source and the website’s description have not been independently verified; the listed title may not match the linked record.
Pep-Pedia bibliography · Checked 2026-10-12
24Wang, G. (2008). Structures of human host defense cathelicidin LL-37 and its smallest antimicrobial peptide KR-12 in lipid micelles. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 283(47), 32637-32643.Linked reference · Not independently reviewed
REFERENCE NOTE
Reference retained from Pep-Pedia’s bibliography. The original source and the website’s description have not been independently verified; the listed title may not match the linked record.
Pep-Pedia bibliography · Checked 2026-10-12
25Noore, J., Noore, A., Li, B. (2019). Antimicrobial peptide LL-37 is bactericidal against Staphylococcus aureus biofilms. PLOS ONE, 14(6), e0216676.Linked reference · Not independently reviewed
REFERENCE NOTE
Reference retained from Pep-Pedia’s bibliography. The original source and the website’s description have not been independently verified; the listed title may not match the linked record.
Pep-Pedia bibliography · Checked 2026-10-12
26Ridyard, K.E., Overhage, J. (2021). The Potential of Human Peptide LL-37 as an Antimicrobial and Anti-Biofilm Agent. Antibiotics, 10(6), 650.Linked reference · Not independently reviewed
REFERENCE NOTE
Reference retained from Pep-Pedia’s bibliography. The original source and the website’s description have not been independently verified; the listed title may not match the linked record.
Pep-Pedia bibliography · Checked 2026-10-12
27Zhang, Y., Zheng, M., Wang, Z., Liu, Z., Chen, S., Li, X., Shi, Y., Hu, H. (2024). Discovery of novel antibacterial agent for the infected wound treatment: all-hydrocarbon stapling optimization of LL-37. Theranostics, 14(3), 1181-1194.Linked reference · Not independently reviewed
REFERENCE NOTE
Reference retained from Pep-Pedia’s bibliography. The original source and the website’s description have not been independently verified; the listed title may not match the linked record.
Pep-Pedia bibliography · Checked 2026-10-12
28Bhattacharjya, S., Zhang, Z., Ramamoorthy, A. (2024). LL-37: Structures, Antimicrobial Activity, and Influence on Amyloid-Related Diseases. Biomolecules, 14(3), 320.Linked reference · Not independently reviewed
REFERENCE NOTE
Reference retained from Pep-Pedia’s bibliography. The original source and the website’s description have not been independently verified; the listed title may not match the linked record.
Pep-Pedia bibliography · Checked 2026-10-12
29Gunasekera, S., Muhammad, T., Strömstedt, A.A., Rosengren, K.J., Göransson, U. (2018). Alanine and lysine scans of the LL-37-derived peptide fragment KR-12 reveal key residues for antimicrobial activity. ChemBioChem, 19(9), 931-939.Linked reference · Not independently reviewed
REFERENCE NOTE
Reference retained from Pep-Pedia’s bibliography. The original source and the website’s description have not been independently verified; the listed title may not match the linked record.
Pep-Pedia bibliography · Checked 2026-10-12
30Liu, R., Xu, Y., Chen, M., Weïwer, M., Zhou, X., Bridges, A.A., DeJesus, M.A., Kelley, L., Negami, T., Vo, N.N., et al. (2021). Renovation as innovation: Repurposing human antibacterial peptide LL-37 for cancer therapy. Pharmacological Research, 170, 105688.Linked reference · Not independently reviewed
REFERENCE NOTE
Reference retained from Pep-Pedia’s bibliography. The original source and the website’s description have not been independently verified; the listed title may not match the linked record.
Pep-Pedia bibliography · Checked 2026-10-12
31Kim, E.Y., Rajasekaran, G., Shin, S.Y. (2017). LL-37-derived short antimicrobial peptide KR-12-a5 and its d-amino acid substituted analogs with cell selectivity, anti-biofilm activity, synergistic effect with conventional antibiotics, and anti-inflammatory activity. European Journal of Medicinal Chemistry, 136, 428-441.Linked reference · Not independently reviewed
REFERENCE NOTE
Reference retained from Pep-Pedia’s bibliography. The original source and the website’s description have not been independently verified; the listed title may not match the linked record.
Pep-Pedia bibliography · Checked 2026-10-12
32Pep-Pedia: LL-37 — reported pharmacokineticsReference estimate; not independently verified human PKCommunity source checked
AI-PREPARED SUMMARY
Lists a half-life of 30 min and a peak time of 3 min. Stated attribution: Limited human data. This value is reported by a secondary reference. The stated attribution has not been independently verified as a route- and formulation-matched human PK measurement. Five half-lives is not complete clearance, and the source’s “cleared” value is not used as a measured endpoint.
Secondary reference page checked; the underlying quantitative claim is not independently confirmed. · Checked 2026-10-12
33Pep-Pedia: LL-37 — route-specific referenceReference page checked; underlying claims require separate verification.Community source checked
AI-PREPARED SUMMARY
Source page checked across available routes. Protocols, cycles, storage, mechanisms and pairing claims are secondary reports; checking the page does not independently validate those claims. Original concise summaries are used here.
Content coverage audit · Checked 2026-10-12
34HEAL LL-37 phase IIb venous-ulcer trialPrimary source checked
AI-PREPARED SUMMARY
Among148 patients using topical LL-37 plus compression, the full population showed no significant healing advantage over placebo. A post-hoc large-ulcer subgroup signal requires confirmation; earlier favorable pilot findings do not establish broad efficacy.
HEAL LL-37 phase IIb venous-ulcer trial
Among148 patients using topical LL-37 plus compression, the full population showed no significant healing advantage over placebo. A post-hoc large-ulcer subgroup signal requires confirmation; earlier favorable pilot findings do not establish broad efficacy.
Additional primary-source check · Checked 2026-10-12