Aging and cognition
Lab research
A 2025 analysis of 320,861 participants for cognition and 29,510 for brain volume found no KL-VS heterozygosity association with these outcomes. No Klotho product was administered.1
LongevityProtein
Klotho
Aging-associated protein family
No FDA-approved product identified for this exact research entry in the targeted review.
What does it do?
Molecular information
1Amino-acid sequence
An exact sequence has not been verified for this formulation.
LengthConstruct dependent
Molecular weight · DaConstruct and glycosylation dependent
Molecular formulaNo single formula for catalog entry1
The catalog name does not specify a verified recombinant construct.
Pharmacokinetics
Unverified reference estimateNot independently confirmed
Reference half-life12 hours16
Route / formulationSource page: Injectable. Exact PK route not verified.
This value is reported by a secondary reference. The stated attribution has not been independently verified as a route- and formulation-matched human PK measurement.
50%of reference level
Illustrative scenario using an unverified reference estimate.
About 3% remaining after 2.5 d
Five half-lives in this estimated model. This is not a prediction of when effects stop.
About this estimate
Population: Not established by the reference estimate
Source’s stated attribution: Castner et al. 2023 Nature Aging (PMID 37400721) - NHP cognitive study
Source’s reported peak time: 1.2 hrs. This has not been independently confirmed and is not used in the elimination curve.
100 × 2−time / half-life. Time zero is a reference level, not the moment of administration. Absorption, repeated dosing, metabolites and clinical effects are not modeled. Five half-lives leaves 3.125%, not zero. This curve cannot determine a dosing interval.
What to expect
Study outcomes
Human genetic association is not treatment evidence
Genetic or circulating-protein associations cannot establish benefits of injecting recombinant Klotho.1
Doses & schedules
No verified human protocol or quantified community report included.
Study and label doses retain their study context. Reference reports are unvalidated practices, not personal treatment instructions. Ranges remain ranges; escalation stages are labeled.
Reported use periods and breaks. These do not establish a safe cycle or prove that breaks prevent tolerance.
Injectable
- Use period
- Not established
- Break
- Not established
Reported timing
Not established
Animal and cell protocols 2
Laboratory exposures cannot establish a human dose.
Scroll to compare all columns →
| Route | Dose | Frequency | Goal / evidence | Duration | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| SubQ | 10 mcg/kg subcutaneous (recombinant KL1 domain) | Single dose (acute model) | Research Protocol (Mouse, cognition)Reference report | Not specified | 17 |
Population Population not independently verified; see the reference and linked research. Context Reported in Pep-Pedia’s educational protocol table. Study attribution and applicability to this exact product are not independently established. Source compatibility labels do not establish safety. Exercise-associated endogenous changes are different from recombinant administration; pregnancy safety unknown. Source tabs Injectable | |||||
| SubQ | 10 mcg/kg subcutaneous (rhesus recombinant KL1; Castner et al. 2023, Nature Aging) | Single dose; higher doses (20-30 mcg/kg) showed no cognitive benefit (inverted U-shaped dose response) | Research Protocol (Nonhuman Primate, cognition)Reference report | Not specified | 17 |
Population Population not independently verified; see the reference and linked research. Context Reported in Pep-Pedia’s educational protocol table. Study attribution and applicability to this exact product are not independently established. Source compatibility labels do not establish safety. Exercise-associated endogenous changes are different from recombinant administration; pregnancy safety unknown. Source tabs Injectable | |||||
No protocols match these filters.
Side effects & safety
Evidence limitation
Human dosing, immunogenicity and long-term safety of catalog products were not established.
1Evidence limitation
Different recombinant fragments and constructs cannot share one assumed molecular weight or half-life.
1Unknown human dose/safety
Recombinant identity, antibodies and consumer-product quality unresolved.
Mineral disruption
Kidney disease increases concern about calcium/phosphate/vitamin-D effects.
Stop symptoms
Cramps, tetany, numbness, weakness, allergy or cardiovascular/neurological symptoms.
Not a complete safety screen. Discuss health decisions with a qualified clinician.
Combinations & interactions
8 entriesCheck cautions and reported pairings. A compatibility claim does not establish that a combination is safe.
Active vitamin D
Caution reportedMineral/metabolism effects.17
Reference report · Evidence context: Monitor combinationIGF-1 / IGF-1 LR3
Caution reportedPotentially opposing signaling.17
Reference report · Pep-Pedia label: Monitor CombinationFGF23
Caution reportedPhysiological receptor relationship; mineral monitoring.17
Reference report · Pep-Pedia label: Use CautionNAD+
Unverified pairingUntested mechanism complement.17
Reference report · Pep-Pedia label: CompatibleMOTS-c
Unverified pairingUntested mechanism complement.17
Reference report · Pep-Pedia label: CompatibleSS-31
Unverified pairingUntested mechanism complement.17
Reference report · Pep-Pedia label: CompatibleEpitalon
Unverified pairingUntested pairing.17
Reference report · Pep-Pedia label: CompatibleOther medicines or peptides
Not establishedNo exact-product human interaction study was verified; lack of evidence is not evidence of safety.2
Research contextNo matching interactions. Try another name or filter.
Reconstitution
No product-specific preparation or stability instruction was verified. A dilution calculation does not establish suitability for injection.2
Reference preparation details
Reported handling information, not a validated formulation or instruction to prepare an injectable product.
Injectable
The source describes institutionally produced recombinant sKlotho or KL1 research protein, not a consumer peptide-vial preparation.
It identifies no standard personal-use reconstitution protocol and warns against unverified material.
Appearance & documentation
Appearance and a purity certificate cannot establish sterility, identity, or suitability for injection.
Reported variationNot Commercially AvailableReported variationRequest a Mass Spectrometry Certificate of AnalysisReported concernAvoid Unverified Gray-Market SourcesReported variationCold Chain Integrity RequiredReported appearanceVerify Endogenous Klotho via Blood Test
17Available forms
No verified packaging examples included.
Packaging examples, not a market survey. Approved and research products are not interchangeable.
Storage after mixing
Reconstituted research vials
Refrigerated lifetime not established
The checked sources do not establish how long this research preparation remains stable and sterile after mixing.17
Storage notes
17Recombinant protein: 2-8°C; do not freeze repeatedly. No lyophilized consumer product exists.
Storage depends on the formulation, diluent, container, and handling. Follow the specific product label or pharmacist’s instructions.
Evidence limits
View findings →Genetic or circulating-protein associations cannot establish benefits of injecting recombinant Klotho.1
1 distinct primary sources or abstracts checked. Evidence may concern a parent compound, individual blend ingredient, animal, or cell model; it does not necessarily establish a benefit for this exact product.
Evidence definitions →Research findings
PreclinicalSource context
Source compatibility labels do not establish safety. Exercise-associated endogenous changes are different from recombinant administration; pregnancy safety unknown.
Compound identity & other names
Klotho research includes genetic associations, soluble proteins and recombinant fragments. Animal cognition experiments do not establish the benefits of Klotho injections in people.
No FDA-approved product identified for this exact research entry in the targeted review.
Klotho protein family / recombinant preparations1
Pep-Pedia identity record
1,012 amino acids (full alpha-Klotho precursor, human) · ~130 kDa (full-length transmembrane form); ~65 kDa (soluble KL1 domain, shed form)
Reference description; checked chemical identity takes precedence when available.17
How it may work
FGF23 co-receptor plus proposed IGF-1, antioxidant, Wnt and synaptic signaling; full-length, soluble and KL1 forms differ.17
Human genetic association is not treatment evidence
A 2025 analysis of 320,861 participants for cognition and 29,510 for brain volume found no KL-VS heterozygosity association with these outcomes. No Klotho product was administered.
1Research areas and evidence gaps
Aging and cognition research. A 2025 analysis of 320,861 participants for cognition and 29,510 for brain volume found no KL-VS heterozygosity association with these outcomes. No Klotho product was administered.1
- Genetic or circulating-protein associations cannot establish benefits of injecting recombinant Klotho.
- A product-specific research-vial quantity was not independently verified in this review.
Additional uses listed by Pep-Pedia
Cognition and neuroprotection. Animal memory/degeneration models and human genetic associations.17
Aging. Mouse lifespan findings and human biomarker associations.17
Heart and kidney/minerals. Rodent fibrosis findings; phosphate/vitamin-D regulation.17
Community reports Unvalidated
Pep-Pedia discusses cognition and renal research.2
See the attributed editorial reports below.
Editorial summary, not a measured community survey, clinical protocol or recommendation.
Search coverage and review status
Added a large 2025 human genetic analysis with a null association; genetic observations do not establish recombinant-protein treatment efficacy.
- Checked
- 2026-10-12
- Search
- "klotho" "2025" cognition administration
- Catalog
- Pep-Pedia ↗ · 13 listed references retained
- Targeted search and selected primary-source checks, not an exhaustive systematic review.
- Preserved bibliography entries marked unreviewed have not had their findings independently verified.
AI-prepared summaries. Independent medical editorial review is pending.
Community poll 10 topics · Pep-Pedia snapshot
Voluntary, unverified reports. These percentages do not measure effectiveness or safety.
Experience
Number of responses to this question: not disclosed.
Duration of use
Number of responses to this question: not disclosed.
Age range
Number of responses to this question: not disclosed.
Gender
Number of responses to this question: not disclosed.
Primary goal
Number of responses to this question: not disclosed.
Effectiveness
Number of responses to this question: not disclosed.
Side effects
Number of responses to this question: not disclosed.
Dosage frequency
Number of responses to this question: not disclosed.
Would recommend
Number of responses to this question: not disclosed.
How discovered
Number of responses to this question: not disclosed.
Source & limitations
The source displays “10 responses” for this profile. This is not a confirmed participant count or a denominator for individual questions.
- Voluntary self-reports from Pep-Pedia visitors; identity, treatment, outcomes and timing are unverified. These data are not efficacy or safety estimates.
- The source displays a profile-wide response label, not a confirmed unique participant count. It stays unchanged across questions. Question-specific denominators and absolute option counts are not exposed.
- Only the top five categories are displayed for some questions. Extra categories are retained as an undisplayed-category count; their labels and percentages are unavailable.
- Displayed percentages are rounded. They may not total 100%, especially where categories are hidden.
- This is a dated snapshot, not a live survey or current recommendation.
References
Original sources and review status. Open a reference to read its summary.
1Impact of APOE, Klotho and sex on cognitive decline with agingAbstract checked
AI-PREPARED SUMMARY
A large human genetic analysis found no association between KL-VS heterozygosity and cognition or brain volume across the examined strata. It did not administer Klotho.
Human genetic association is not treatment evidence
A 2025 analysis of 320,861 participants for cognition and 29,510 for brain volume found no KL-VS heterozygosity association with these outcomes. No Klotho product was administered.
Additional research · Checked 2026-10-12
2Pep-Pedia: KlothoCommunity source checked
AI-PREPARED SUMMARY
Secondary editorial profile and reported practices; not clinical validation.
3Discovery: Klotho Gene Deficiency Causes Premature Aging (1997)Pep-Pedia report · Primary source not checked
AI-PREPARED SUMMARY
Pep-Pedia reports: Klotho-deficient mice developed an accelerated-aging phenotype. Gene deficiency and overexpression studies are distinct from administering recombinant protein.
Reported population / model
Mouse
Reported study details
KL-deficient model · Lifespan observation · Full accelerated-aging phenotype
Reported by Pep-Pedia; the linked publication, design, doses and result have not been independently verified here.
Read the Pep-Pedia report ↗Pep-Pedia reference card; original summary of its reported findings · Checked 2026-10-12
4Klotho Overexpression Extends Mouse Lifespan (2005)Pep-Pedia report · Primary source not checked
AI-PREPARED SUMMARY
Pep-Pedia reports: Transgenic Klotho-overexpressing mice lived about 20–30% longer; this does not establish a lifespan effect from Klotho injections.
Reported population / model
Mouse
Reported study details
Klotho-overexpressing transgenic · Lifespan study · 20-30% lifespan extension
Reported by Pep-Pedia; the linked publication, design, doses and result have not been independently verified here.
Read the Pep-Pedia report ↗Pep-Pedia reference card; original summary of its reported findings · Checked 2026-10-12
5Klotho KL-VS Variant Enhances Human Cognition (2014)Pep-Pedia report · Primary source not checked
AI-PREPARED SUMMARY
Pep-Pedia reports: A human genetic variant was associated with better cognitive performance; engineered-mouse findings add mechanism but do not establish human treatment causality.
Reported population / model
Human & Mouse
Reported study details
KL-VS genetic variant analysis · Observational + mouse model · Improved cognitive performance, synaptic plasticity
Reported by Pep-Pedia; the linked publication, design, doses and result have not been independently verified here.
Read the Pep-Pedia report ↗Pep-Pedia reference card; original summary of its reported findings · Checked 2026-10-12
6Systemic Klotho Protein Enhances Cognition in Aging Mice (2017)Pep-Pedia report · Primary source not checked
AI-PREPARED SUMMARY
Pep-Pedia reports: A peripheral recombinant Klotho preparation reportedly improved aged-mouse cognition for about two weeks; the exact protein/domain and route require verification.
Reported population / model
Mouse (aged)
Reported study details
Recombinant KL1 domain · Single injection IV · Improved working memory, synaptic plasticity lasting weeks
Reported by Pep-Pedia; the linked publication, design, doses and result have not been independently verified here.
Read the Pep-Pedia report ↗Pep-Pedia reference card; original summary of its reported findings · Checked 2026-10-12
7Klotho Deficiency Accelerates Renal Fibrosis (2011)Pep-Pedia report · Primary source not checked
AI-PREPARED SUMMARY
Pep-Pedia reports: Klotho deficiency worsened mouse renal fibrosis, while gene delivery reduced fibrotic signaling in the experimental model.
Reported population / model
Mouse
Reported study details
KL-deficient / CKD model · Variable duration · Progressive renal fibrosis, accelerated decline
Reported by Pep-Pedia; the linked publication, design, doses and result have not been independently verified here.
Read the Pep-Pedia report ↗Pep-Pedia reference card; original summary of its reported findings · Checked 2026-10-12
8Low Serum Klotho Predicts All-Cause Mortality in Humans (2016)Pep-Pedia report · Primary source not checked
AI-PREPARED SUMMARY
Pep-Pedia reports: Low serum Klotho was associated with higher mortality in an observational cohort; biomarker association is not evidence that supplementation extends life.
Reported population / model
Human
Reported study details
NHANES observational cohort · Multi-year follow-up · Low Klotho predicts mortality
Reported by Pep-Pedia; the linked publication, design, doses and result have not been independently verified here.
Read the Pep-Pedia report ↗Pep-Pedia reference card; original summary of its reported findings · Checked 2026-10-12
9Mutation of mouse klotho gene leads to syndrome resembling ageingLinked reference · Not independently reviewed
REFERENCE NOTE
Reference retained from Pep-Pedia’s bibliography; findings and bibliographic accuracy have not been independently verified.
Pep-Pedia bibliography · Checked 2026-10-12
10Suppression of aging in mice by the hormone KlothoLinked reference · Not independently reviewed
REFERENCE NOTE
Reference retained from Pep-Pedia’s bibliography; findings and bibliographic accuracy have not been independently verified.
Pep-Pedia bibliography · Checked 2026-10-12
11Life extension factor klotho enhances cognitionLinked reference · Not independently reviewed
REFERENCE NOTE
Reference retained from Pep-Pedia’s bibliography; findings and bibliographic accuracy have not been independently verified.
Pep-Pedia bibliography · Checked 2026-10-12
12Peripheral elevation of a klotho fragment enhances brain function and resilience in miceLinked reference · Not independently reviewed
REFERENCE NOTE
Reference retained from Pep-Pedia’s bibliography; findings and bibliographic accuracy have not been independently verified.
Pep-Pedia bibliography · Checked 2026-10-12
13Longevity factor klotho enhances cognition in aged nonhuman primatesLinked reference · Not independently reviewed
REFERENCE NOTE
Reference retained from Pep-Pedia’s bibliography; findings and bibliographic accuracy have not been independently verified.
Pep-Pedia bibliography · Checked 2026-10-12
14AlphaKlotho mitigates progression of AKI to CKD through autophagy activationLinked reference · Not independently reviewed
REFERENCE NOTE
Reference retained from Pep-Pedia’s bibliography; findings and bibliographic accuracy have not been independently verified.
Pep-Pedia bibliography · Checked 2026-10-12
15The Klotho proteins in health and diseaseLinked reference · Not independently reviewed
REFERENCE NOTE
Reference retained from Pep-Pedia’s bibliography; findings and bibliographic accuracy have not been independently verified.
Pep-Pedia bibliography · Checked 2026-10-12
16Pep-Pedia: Klotho — reported pharmacokineticsReference estimate; not independently verified human PKCommunity source checked
AI-PREPARED SUMMARY
Lists a half-life of 12 hrs and a peak time of 1.2 hrs. Stated attribution: Castner et al. 2023 Nature Aging (PMID 37400721) - NHP cognitive study. This value is reported by a secondary reference. The stated attribution has not been independently verified as a route- and formulation-matched human PK measurement. Five half-lives is not complete clearance, and the source’s “cleared” value is not used as a measured endpoint.
Secondary reference page checked; the underlying quantitative claim is not independently confirmed. · Checked 2026-10-12
17Pep-Pedia: Klotho — route-specific referenceReference page checked; underlying claims require separate verification.Community source checked
AI-PREPARED SUMMARY
Source page checked across available routes. Protocols, cycles, storage, mechanisms and pairing claims are secondary reports; checking the page does not independently validate those claims. Original concise summaries are used here.
Content coverage audit · Checked 2026-10-12